（Python 3）タートルコントローラーultilising Tkinterで奇妙なエラー

Question

私はtdc（Turtle Design Creator）というプログラムを開発していました。コード：

global file 
file = None 
global rcd 
rcd = False 
global arrows 
arrows = False 
global arrowtoggle 
def forwardless(): 
    t.forward(25) 
    if rcd: 
     file.write('t.forward(25)\n') 
def backwardless(): 
    t.backward(25) 
    if rcd: 
     file.write('t.backward(25)\n') 
def forward(): 
    t.forward(50) 
    if rcd: 
     file.write('t.forward(50)\n') 
def left(): 
    t.left(90) 
    if rcd: 
     file.write('t.left(90)\n') 
def right(): 
    t.right(90) 
    if rcd: 
     file.write('t.right(90)\n') 
def diagleft(): 
    t.left(45) 
    if rcd: 
     file.write('t.left(45)\n') 
def diagright(): 
    t.right(45) 
    if rcd: 
     file.write('t.right(45)\n') 
def clear(): 
    t.reset() 
    if rcd: 
     file.write('t.reset()\n') 
def backward(): 
    t.backward(50) 
    if rcd: 
     file.write('t.backward(50)\n') 
def lift(): 
    t.up() 
    if rcd: 
     file.write('t.up()\n') 
def drop(): 
    t.down() 
    if rcd: 
     file.write('t.down()\n') 
def green(): 
    t.color(0, 0.5, 0) 
    if rcd: 
     file.write('t.color(0, 0.5, 0)\n') 
def red(): 
    t.color(1, 0, 0) 
    if rcd: 
     file.write('t.color(1, 0, 0)\n') 
def gold(): 
    t.color(0.9, 0.75, 0) 
    if rcd: 
     file.write('t.color(0.9, 0.75, 0)\n') 
def blue(): 
    t.color(0, 0, 1) 
    if rcd: 
     file.write('t.color(0, 0, 1)\n') 
def black(): 
    t.color(0, 0, 0) 
    if rcd: 
     file.write('t.up()\n') 
def begin_fill(): 
    t.begin_fill() 
    if rcd: 
     file.write('t.begin_fill()\n') 
def end_fill(): 
    t.end_fill() 
    if rcd: 
     file.write('t.end_fill()\n') 
def small_circle(): 
    t.circle(10) 
    if rcd: 
     file.write('t.circle(10)\n') 
def medium_circle(): 
    t.circle(30) 
    if rcd: 
     file.write('t.circle(30)\n') 
def large_circle(): 
    t.circle(50) 
    if rcd: 
     file.write('t.circle(50)\n') 
def steepdiagleft(): 
    t.left(25) 
    if rcd: 
     file.write('t.left(25)\n') 
def steepdiagright(): 
    t.right(25) 
    if rcd: 
     file.write('t.right(25)\n') 
def arrowkey(): 
    global arrows 
    global arrowtoggle 
    if not arrows: 
     arrows = True 
     arrowtoggle.config(text="Arrow Key Control: ON") 
    else: 
     arrows = False 
     arrowtoggle.config(text="Arrow Key Control: OFF") 
def right(event): 
    global arrows 
    global rcd 
    if arrows: 
     t.setheading(0) 
     t.forward(5) 
     if rcd: 
      file.write('t.setheading(0)\nt.forward(5)\n') 
def left(event): 
    global arrows 
    global rcd 
    if arrows: 
     t.setheading(180) 
     t.forward(5) 
     if rcd: 
      file.write('t.setheading(180)\nt.forward(5)\n') 
def up(event): 
    global arrows 
    global rcd 
    if arrows: 
     t.setheading(90) 
     t.forward(5) 
     if rcd: 
      file.write('t.setheading(90)\nt.forward(5)\n') 
def down(event): 
    global arrows 
    global rcd 
    if arrows: 
     t.setheading(270) 
     t.forward(5) 
     if rcd: 
      file.write('t.setheading(270)\nt.forward(5)\n') 
def startrcd(): 
    global rcd 
    rcd = True 
    global file 
    while file == None: 
     file = filedialog.asksaveasfile(mode="w", defaultextension=".py") 
     if file == None: 
      messagebox.showinfo('Recording Canceled', 'No file selected or created.') 
      break 
    if file != None: 
     file.write('import turtle\nturtle.title(\'TDC Save\')\nturtle.setup(width=1000, height=500)\nt = turtle.Pen()\n') 
     messagebox.showinfo('Started', 'Recording started.') 
def endrcd(): 
    global rcd 
    global file 
    if rcd and file != None: 
     rcd = False 
     file.close() 
     file = None 
     messagebox.showinfo('Ended', 'Recording ended.') 
def close(): 
    if messagebox.askyesno('Exit?', 'Are you sure you wish to exit?'): 
     messagebox.showinfo('Closing', 'TDC is closing.') 
     exit() 
import turtle 
import tkinter.messagebox 
from tkinter import filedialog 
turtle.setup(width=1000, height=500) 
turtle.title('Turtle Design Creator') 
t = turtle.Pen() 
from tkinter import * 
tk = Tk() 
tk.title("Toolbox") 
a = Button(tk, text="Forward 50", command=forward) 
b = Button(tk, text="Left 90", command=left) 
c = Button(tk, text="Right 90", command=right) 
d = Button(tk, text="Left 45", command=diagleft) 
e = Button(tk, text="Right 45", command=diagright) 
f = Button(tk, text="Clear", command=clear) 
g = Button(tk, text="Backward 50", command=backward) 
h = Button(tk, text="Lift", command=lift) 
i = Button(tk, text="Drop", command=drop) 
j = Button(tk, text="Green", command=green) 
k = Button(tk, text="Red", command=red) 
l = Button(tk, text="Gold", command=gold) 
m = Button(tk, text="Blue", command=blue) 
n = Button(tk, text="Black", command=black) 
o = Button(tk, text="Begin Fill", command=begin_fill) 
p = Button(tk, text="End Fill", command=end_fill) 
q = Button(tk, text="Small Circle", command=small_circle) 
r = Button(tk, text="Medium Circle", command=medium_circle) 
s = Button(tk, text="Large Circle", command=large_circle) 
tt = Button(tk, text="Left 25", command=steepdiagleft) 
u = Button(tk, text="Right 25", command=steepdiagright) 
v = Button(tk, text="Start Recording", command=startrcd) 
w = Button(tk, text="End Recording", command=endrcd) 
x = Button(tk, text="Exit", command=close) 
y = Button(tk, text="Forward 25", command=forwardless) 
z = Button(tk, text="Backward 25", command=backwardless) 
arrow = Button(tk, text="Arrow Key Control Toggle\n(only 90 degree angles)", command=arrowkey) 
arrowtoggle = Label(tk, text="Arrow Key Control: OFF") 
a.pack() 
b.pack() 
c.pack() 
d.pack() 
e.pack() 
f.pack() 
g.pack() 
h.pack() 
i.pack() 
j.pack() 
k.pack() 
l.pack() 
m.pack() 
n.pack() 
o.pack() 
p.pack() 
q.pack() 
r.pack() 
s.pack() 
tt.pack() 
u.pack() 
v.pack() 
w.pack() 
x.pack() 
y.pack() 
z.pack() 
arrow.pack() 
arrowtoggle.pack() 
tk.bind("<Right>", right) 
tk.bind("<Left>", left) 
tk.bind("<Up>", up) 
tk.bind("<Down>", down) 

（私はそれが多くのコードを知っている！）しかし、私はそれを実行し、右90または左90のボタンをクリックしたときに、私はこのエラーを取得：

Exception in Tkinter callback 
Traceback (most recent call last): 
File "/usr/lib/python3.4/idlelib/run.py", line 121, in main 
seq, request = rpc.request_queue.get(block=True, timeout=0.05) 
File "/usr/lib/python3.4/queue.py", line 175, in get 
raise Empty 
queue.Empty 

During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred: 

Traceback (most recent call last): 
File "/usr/lib/python3.4/tkinter/__init__.py", line 1536, in __call__ 
return self.func(*args) 
TypeError: left() missing 1 required positional argument: 'event' 

正確にどのような起こっている？その他のボタンはすべて正常に機能し、left（）（またはright（））と同じ設定になっています。

あなたがleft()という2つの機能がありますので、それは可能性があります...

Answer 1

を助けてください：right()と呼ば

def left(): 
    t.left(90) 
    if rcd: 
     file.write('t.left(90)\n') 

def left(event): 
    global arrows 
    global rcd 
    if arrows: 
     t.setheading(180) 
     t.forward(5) 
     if rcd: 
      file.write('t.setheading(180)\nt.forward(5)\n') 

と二つの機能を：

def right(): 
    t.right(90) 
    if rcd: 
     file.write('t.right(90)\n') 

def right(event): 
    global arrows 
    global rcd 
    if arrows: 
     t.setheading(0) 
     t.forward(5) 
     if rcd: 
      file.write('t.setheading(0)\nt.forward(5)\n') 

1組の名前を変更し、物事どうかを確認改善する

def hard_left(): 
    t.left(90) 
    if rcd: 
     file.write('t.left(90)\n') 
def hard_right(): 
    t.right(90) 
    if rcd: 
     file.write('t.right(90)\n') 

# ... 

b = Button(tk, text="Left 90", command=hard_left) 
c = Button(tk, text="Right 90", command=hard_right) 

I know it's a lot of code!

私はこれを少し修正してコードを変更しました。変更が目的に合っているかどうかを確認しました。 TkをTkの上に作ったTkを混ぜるときに、綱渡りをしています。これまでのところ優れた仕事をしていますが、バグに遭遇したときに2つが衝突する可能性があります。 https://github.com/python-b5/tdc：私は多くのコードを追加するまで

import turtle 
from tkinter import * 
from tkinter import filedialog 

file = None 
rcd = False 
arrows = False 

def forward(distance=50): 
    t.forward(distance) 
    if rcd: 
     file.write('t.forward({})\n'.format(distance)) 

def backward(distance=50): 
    t.backward(distance) 
    if rcd: 
     file.write('t.backward({})\n'.format(distance)) 

def left(angle=90): 
    t.left(angle) 
    if rcd: 
     file.write('t.left({})\n'.format(angle)) 

def right(angle=90): 
    t.right(angle) 
    if rcd: 
     file.write('t.right({})\n'.format(angle)) 

def clear(): 
    t.reset() 
    if rcd: 
     file.write('t.reset()\n') 

def lift(): 
    t.up() 
    if rcd: 
     file.write('t.up()\n') 

def drop(): 
    t.down() 
    if rcd: 
     file.write('t.down()\n') 

def color(r=0, g=0, b=0): 
    t.color(r, g, b) 
    if rcd: 
     file.write('t.color({}, {}, {})\n'.format(r, g, b)) 

def begin_fill(): 
    t.begin_fill() 
    if rcd: 
     file.write('t.begin_fill()\n') 

def end_fill(): 
    t.end_fill() 
    if rcd: 
     file.write('t.end_fill()\n') 

def circle(radius=30): 
    t.circle(radius) 
    if rcd: 
     file.write('t.circle({})\n'.format(radius)) 

def arrowkey(): 
    global arrows 

    if not arrows: 
     arrows = True 
     arrowtoggle.config(text="Arrow Key Control: ON") 
    else: 
     arrows = False 
     arrowtoggle.config(text="Arrow Key Control: OFF") 

def handle_right(event): 
    if arrows: 
     t.setheading(0) 
     t.forward(5) 
     if rcd: 
      file.write('t.setheading(0)\nt.forward(5)\n') 

def handle_left(event): 
    if arrows: 
     t.setheading(180) 
     t.forward(5) 
     if rcd: 
      file.write('t.setheading(180)\nt.forward(5)\n') 

def handle_up(event): 
    if arrows: 
     t.setheading(90) 
     t.forward(5) 
     if rcd: 
      file.write('t.setheading(90)\nt.forward(5)\n') 

def handle_down(event): 
    if arrows: 
     t.setheading(270) 
     t.forward(5) 
     if rcd: 
      file.write('t.setheading(270)\nt.forward(5)\n') 

def startrcd(): 
    global rcd, file 

    rcd = True 

    while file is None: 
     file = filedialog.asksaveasfile(mode="w", defaultextension=".py") 
     if file is None: 
      messagebox.showinfo('Recording Canceled', 'No file selected or created.') 
      break 
    if file != None: 
     file.write("import turtle\nturtle.title('TDC Save')\n") 
     file.write('turtle.setup(width=1000, height=500)\n') 
     file.write('t = turtle.Turtle()\n') 
     messagebox.showinfo('Started', 'Recording started.') 

def endrcd(): 
    global rcd, file 

    if rcd and file is not None: 
     rcd = False 
     file.close() 
     file = None 
     messagebox.showinfo('Ended', 'Recording ended.') 

def close(): 
    if messagebox.askyesno('Exit?', 'Are you sure you wish to exit?'): 
     messagebox.showinfo('Closing', 'TDC is closing.') 
     exit() 

turtle.setup(width=1000, height=500) 
turtle.title('Turtle Design Creator') 
t = turtle.Turtle() 

tk = Tk() 
tk.title("Toolbox") 

items = [] 

items.append(Button(tk, text="Forward 50", command=forward)) 
items.append(Button(tk, text="Left 90", command=left)) 
items.append(Button(tk, text="Right 90", command=right)) 
items.append(Button(tk, text="Left 45", command=lambda: left(45))) 
items.append(Button(tk, text="Right 45", command=lambda: right(45))) 
items.append(Button(tk, text="Clear", command=clear)) 
items.append(Button(tk, text="Backward 50", command=backward)) 
items.append(Button(tk, text="Lift", command=lift)) 
items.append(Button(tk, text="Drop", command=drop)) 
items.append(Button(tk, text="Green", command=lambda: color(0, 0.5, 0))) 
items.append(Button(tk, text="Red", command=lambda: color(1, 0, 0))) 
items.append(Button(tk, text="Gold", command=lambda: color(0.9, 0.75, 0))) 
items.append(Button(tk, text="Blue", command=lambda: color(0, 0, 1))) 
items.append(Button(tk, text="Black", command=lambda: color(0, 0, 0))) 
items.append(Button(tk, text="Begin Fill", command=begin_fill)) 
items.append(Button(tk, text="End Fill", command=end_fill)) 
items.append(Button(tk, text="Small Circle", command=lambda: circle(10))) 
items.append(Button(tk, text="Medium Circle", command=circle)) 
items.append(Button(tk, text="Large Circle", command=lambda: circle(50))) 
items.append(Button(tk, text="Left 25", command=lambda: left(25))) 
items.append(Button(tk, text="Right 25", command=lambda: right(25))) 
items.append(Button(tk, text="Start Recording", command=startrcd)) 
items.append(Button(tk, text="End Recording", command=endrcd)) 
items.append(Button(tk, text="Exit", command=close)) 
items.append(Button(tk, text="Forward 25", command=lambda: forward(25))) 
items.append(Button(tk, text="Backward 25", command=lambda: backward(25))) 
items.append(Button(tk, text="Arrow Key Control Toggle\n(only 90 degree angles)", command=arrowkey)) 

arrowtoggle = Label(tk, text="Arrow Key Control: OFF") 
items.append(arrowtoggle) 

for item in items: 
    item.pack() 

tk.bind("<Right>", handle_right) 
tk.bind("<Left>", handle_left) 
tk.bind("<Up>", handle_up) 
tk.bind("<Down>", handle_down) 

turtle.mainloop()