あなたがで描画可能な下を維持するために、あなたの前の描画可能を再利用することができます
Drawable drawableTop = ContextCompat.getDrawable(getContext(),R.drawable.wrong);
//Drawable drawableBottom = ContextCompat.getDrawable(getContext(),R.drawable.check);
Drawable[] drawables = button.getCompoundDrawables();
// left top right bottom
button.setCompoundDrawablesWithIntrinsicBounds(drawables[0], drawableTop, drawables[2], drawables[3]);
それとも、次のことを試すことができます。
Drawable drawableTop = ContextCompat.getDrawable(getContext(),R.drawable.wrong);
Drawable drawableBottom = ContextCompat.getDrawable(getContext(),R.drawable.check);
int topHeight = drawableTop.getIntrinsicHeight();
int topWidth = drawableTop.getIntrinsicWidth();
drawableTop.setBounds(0, 0, topWidth, topHeight);
topHeight = drawableBottom.getIntrinsicHeight();
topWidth = drawableBottom.getIntrinsicWidth();
drawableBottom.setBounds(0, 0, topWidth, topHeight);
button.setCompoundDrawables(null, drawableTop, null, drawableBottom);