特殊文字をPHPに基づいて置き換える方法は？

Question

どのように置き換えるか： "E" と ""

"E" PHPで

と

• "A" を？これは可能ですか？私は、ベースキャラクターのascii値とアクセントのascii値を使って数学を行うことができるどこかで読んだことがありますが、今は参照が見つかりません。

Answer 1

この回答は間違っています。私はそれを書いたときにUnicode正規化を理解できませんでした。 francadavalさんのコメントとリンクをご覧ください

これを行うには、Normalizerクラスをご覧ください。ドキュメントが良いですので、私はちょうどここに物事を繰り返すのではなく、それにリンクされます：

http://www.php.net/manual/en/class.normalizer.php

を具体的には、そのクラスの正規メンバー：Unicode正規化が持っていることを

http://www.php.net/manual/en/normalizer.normalize.php

注意をいくつかのフォームがあり、正規化フォームKD（NFKD）互換性分解が必要なようですが、ドキュメントを読んで確認してください。

あなた自身の関数をロールバックしてはいけません。あまりにも多くのことが間違っている可能性があり、提供された関数を使用する方がはるかに良いアイデアです。

Answer 2

人々はしばしば「から」変換することstr_replaceまたはstrtrと文字の大きなリストを使用して「へ」 - それはかなりきれいに見えない場合でも...

別の解決策は、私は、可能性があると仮定

;-)あなたはPHP 5.3を使用している場合は、新しい Normalizerクラスは面白いかもしれません、また...

を常に私が覚えているから、動作しません - オプション//TRANSLITでiconvようなものを使用すること

Answer 3

ノーマライザーにアクセスできないクラスを使用したくない場合や、それを使用したくない場合は、次の関数を使用して共通のアクセントの大部分（すべて？）を置き換えることができます。

function Unaccent($string) 
{ 
    return preg_replace('~&([a-z]{1,2})(acute|cedil|circ|grave|lig|orn|ring|slash|th|tilde|uml);~i', '$1', htmlentities($string, ENT_QUOTES, 'UTF-8')); 
} 

Answer 4

特に、お互いに、またはキーワードに対してテキストをマッチングさせる場合、前もってテキストを正規化すると便利です。 次の関数は、指定されたUTF8でエンコードされたテキストからすべての発音区別記号（アクセント記号など）を削除し、ASCii-textを返します。

PHP-Normalizer-extension（intlおよびicu）がインストールされていることを確認してください。

ティップ：また

<?php 

function normalizeUtf8String($s) 
{ 
    // Normalizer-class missing! 
    if (! class_exists("Normalizer", $autoload = false)) 
     return $original_string; 


    // maps German (umlauts) and other European characters onto two characters before just removing diacritics 
    $s = preg_replace('@\x{00c4}@u' , "AE", $s); // umlaut Ä => AE 
    $s = preg_replace('@\x{00d6}@u' , "OE", $s); // umlaut Ö => OE 
    $s = preg_replace('@\x{00dc}@u' , "UE", $s); // umlaut Ü => UE 
    $s = preg_replace('@\x{00e4}@u' , "ae", $s); // umlaut ä => ae 
    $s = preg_replace('@\x{00f6}@u' , "oe", $s); // umlaut ö => oe 
    $s = preg_replace('@\x{00fc}@u' , "ue", $s); // umlaut ü => ue 
    $s = preg_replace('@\x{00f1}@u' , "ny", $s); // ñ => ny 
    $s = preg_replace('@\x{00ff}@u' , "yu", $s); // ÿ => yu 


    // maps special characters (characters with diacritics) on their base-character followed by the diacritical mark 
     // exmaple: Ú => U´, á => a` 
    $s = Normalizer::normalize($s, Normalizer::FORM_D); 


    $s = preg_replace('@\pM@u'  , "", $s); // removes diacritics 


    $s = preg_replace('@\x{00df}@u' , "ss", $s); // maps German ß onto ss 
    $s = preg_replace('@\x{00c6}@u' , "AE", $s); // Æ => AE 
    $s = preg_replace('@\x{00e6}@u' , "ae", $s); // æ => ae 
    $s = preg_replace('@\x{0132}@u' , "IJ", $s); // ? => IJ 
    $s = preg_replace('@\x{0133}@u' , "ij", $s); // ? => ij 
    $s = preg_replace('@\x{0152}@u' , "OE", $s); // Π=> OE 
    $s = preg_replace('@\x{0153}@u' , "oe", $s); // œ => oe 

    $s = preg_replace('@\x{00d0}@u' , "D", $s); // Ð => D 
    $s = preg_replace('@\x{0110}@u' , "D", $s); // Ð => D 
    $s = preg_replace('@\x{00f0}@u' , "d", $s); // ð => d 
    $s = preg_replace('@\x{0111}@u' , "d", $s); // d => d 
    $s = preg_replace('@\x{0126}@u' , "H", $s); // H => H 
    $s = preg_replace('@\x{0127}@u' , "h", $s); // h => h 
    $s = preg_replace('@\x{0131}@u' , "i", $s); // i => i 
    $s = preg_replace('@\x{0138}@u' , "k", $s); // ? => k 
    $s = preg_replace('@\x{013f}@u' , "L", $s); // ? => L 
    $s = preg_replace('@\x{0141}@u' , "L", $s); // L => L 
    $s = preg_replace('@\x{0140}@u' , "l", $s); // ? => l 
    $s = preg_replace('@\x{0142}@u' , "l", $s); // l => l 
    $s = preg_replace('@\x{014a}@u' , "N", $s); // ? => N 
    $s = preg_replace('@\x{0149}@u' , "n", $s); // ? => n 
    $s = preg_replace('@\x{014b}@u' , "n", $s); // ? => n 
    $s = preg_replace('@\x{00d8}@u' , "O", $s); // Ø => O 
    $s = preg_replace('@\x{00f8}@u' , "o", $s); // ø => o 
    $s = preg_replace('@\x{017f}@u' , "s", $s); // ? => s 
    $s = preg_replace('@\x{00de}@u' , "T", $s); // Þ => T 
    $s = preg_replace('@\x{0166}@u' , "T", $s); // T => T 
    $s = preg_replace('@\x{00fe}@u' , "t", $s); // þ => t 
    $s = preg_replace('@\x{0167}@u' , "t", $s); // t => t 

    // remove all non-ASCii characters 
    $s = preg_replace('@[^\0-\x80]@u' , "", $s); 


    // possible errors in UTF8-regular-expressions 
    if (empty($s)) 
     return $original_string; 
    else 
     return $s; 
} 
?> 

上記の機能は、主に次の資料に基づいています...の前に小文字に一致する手順を実行するためのテキストをマッピングすることもできます。 http://ahinea.com/en/tech/accented-translate.html

Answer 5

使用PEAR I18N_UnicodeNormalizer-1.0。カスタム文字と0

include('…'); 

echo preg_replace(
'/(\P{L})/ui', // replace all except members of Unicode class "letters", case insensitive 
'', // with nothing 
I18N_UnicodeNormalizer::toNFKD('ÅÉÏÔÙåéïôù') // ù → u + ` 
); 

は→AEIOUaeiou

Answer 6

ショートstr_replace使用：

<?php 
    $original_string = "¿Dónde está el niño que vive aquí? En el témpano o en el iglú. ÁFRICA, MÉXICO, ÍNDICE, CANCIÓN y NÚMERO."; 

    $some_special_chars = array("á", "é", "í", "ó", "ú", "Á", "É", "Í", "Ó", "Ú", "ñ", "Ñ"); 
    $replacement_chars = array("a", "e", "i", "o", "u", "A", "E", "I", "O", "U", "n", "N"); 

    $replaced_string = str_replace($some_special_chars, $replacement_chars, $original_string); 

    echo $replaced_string; // outputs '¿Donde esta el nino que vive aqui? En el tempano o en el iglu. AFRICA, MEXICO, INDICE, CANCION y NUMERO.' 
?> 

Answer 7

他のソリューションのどれも右あなたのために働いていない場合は、ここでは私のために働いていたものです：

<?php 

$string = "áéíóúÁ—whatever"; 

// create an array of the hex codes of the characters you want to replace (formatted as shown) and whatever you want to replace them with. 
$characters = array(
    "[\xF3]" => "&ocacute;", //ó 
    "[\xFC]" => "&uuml;", //ü 
    "[\xF1]" => "&ntilde;", //ñ 
    "[\xEB]" => "&euml;", //ë 
    "[\xE9]" => "&eacute;", //é 
    "[\xBD]" => "&frac12;", //½ 
); 
// note that you must use a two-digit hex code for whatever reason. 
// So, for example, although the hex code for an em dash is 2014, you have to use 97 instead. ("[\x97]" => "&mdash;") 

// separate the key->value array into two separate arrays. Or just make two arrays from the beginning, but it's easier to read this way. 
foreach ($characters as $hex => $html) { 
    $replaceThis[] = $hex; 
    $replaceWith[] = $html; 
} 

$string = preg_replace($replaceThis, $replaceWith, $string); 

?> 

これは最も洗練されたソリューションではないかもしれませんが、それはworです正規表現の知識は必要ありません。

Answer 8

php 5.3を持っていない人にとって、私はうまく機能し、非常に包括的である別のソリューションを見つけました。ここに著者のウェブサイトhttp://www.evaisse.net/2008/php-translit-remove-accent-unaccent-21001へのリンクがあります。ここに関数があります。それは任意の機能を自分で管理する必要はないだろうと行く（おろか周りの不要なオブジェクトを運ぶ）する

/** 
* Unaccent the input string string. An example string like `ÀØėÿᾜὨζὅБю` 
* will be translated to `AOeyIOzoBY`. More complete than : 
* strtr((string)$str, 
*   "ÀÁÂÃÄÅàáâãäåÒÓÔÕÖØòóôõöøÈÉÊËèéêëÇçÌÍÎÏìíîïÙÚÛÜùúûüÿÑñ", 
*   "aaaaaaaaaaaaooooooooooooeeeeeeeecciiiiiiiiuuuuuuuuynn"); 
* 
* @param $str input string 
* @param $utf8 if null, function will detect input string encoding 
* @author http://www.evaisse.net/2008/php-translit-remove-accent-unaccent-21001 
* @return string input string without accent 
*/ 
function remove_accents($str, $utf8=true) 
{ 
    $str = (string)$str; 
    if(is_null($utf8)) { 
     if(!function_exists('mb_detect_encoding')) { 
      $utf8 = (strtolower(mb_detect_encoding($str))=='utf-8'); 
     } else { 
      $length = strlen($str); 
      $utf8 = true; 
      for ($i=0; $i < $length; $i++) { 
       $c = ord($str[$i]); 
       if ($c < 0x80) $n = 0; # 0bbbbbbb 
       elseif (($c & 0xE0) == 0xC0) $n=1; # 110bbbbb 
       elseif (($c & 0xF0) == 0xE0) $n=2; # 1110bbbb 
       elseif (($c & 0xF8) == 0xF0) $n=3; # 11110bbb 
       elseif (($c & 0xFC) == 0xF8) $n=4; # 111110bb 
       elseif (($c & 0xFE) == 0xFC) $n=5; # 1111110b 
       else return false; # Does not match any model 
       for ($j=0; $j<$n; $j++) { # n bytes matching 10bbbbbb follow ? 
        if ((++$i == $length) 
         || ((ord($str[$i]) & 0xC0) != 0x80)) { 
         $utf8 = false; 
         break; 
        } 

       } 
      } 
     } 

    } 

    if(!$utf8) 
     $str = utf8_encode($str); 

    $transliteration = array(
    'IJ' => 'I', 'Ö' => 'O','Œ' => 'O','Ü' => 'U','ä' => 'a','æ' => 'a', 
    'ij' => 'i','ö' => 'o','œ' => 'o','ü' => 'u','ß' => 's','ſ' => 's', 
    'À' => 'A','Á' => 'A','Â' => 'A','Ã' => 'A','Ä' => 'A','Å' => 'A', 
    'Æ' => 'A','Ā' => 'A','Ą' => 'A','Ă' => 'A','Ç' => 'C','Ć' => 'C', 
    'Č' => 'C','Ĉ' => 'C','Ċ' => 'C','Ď' => 'D','Đ' => 'D','È' => 'E', 
    'É' => 'E','Ê' => 'E','Ë' => 'E','Ē' => 'E','Ę' => 'E','Ě' => 'E', 
    'Ĕ' => 'E','Ė' => 'E','Ĝ' => 'G','Ğ' => 'G','Ġ' => 'G','Ģ' => 'G', 
    'Ĥ' => 'H','Ħ' => 'H','Ì' => 'I','Í' => 'I','Î' => 'I','Ï' => 'I', 
    'Ī' => 'I','Ĩ' => 'I','Ĭ' => 'I','Į' => 'I','İ' => 'I','Ĵ' => 'J', 
    'Ķ' => 'K','Ľ' => 'K','Ĺ' => 'K','Ļ' => 'K','Ŀ' => 'K','Ł' => 'L', 
    'Ñ' => 'N','Ń' => 'N','Ň' => 'N','Ņ' => 'N','Ŋ' => 'N','Ò' => 'O', 
    'Ó' => 'O','Ô' => 'O','Õ' => 'O','Ø' => 'O','Ō' => 'O','Ő' => 'O', 
    'Ŏ' => 'O','Ŕ' => 'R','Ř' => 'R','Ŗ' => 'R','Ś' => 'S','Ş' => 'S', 
    'Ŝ' => 'S','Ș' => 'S','Š' => 'S','Ť' => 'T','Ţ' => 'T','Ŧ' => 'T', 
    'Ț' => 'T','Ù' => 'U','Ú' => 'U','Û' => 'U','Ū' => 'U','Ů' => 'U', 
    'Ű' => 'U','Ŭ' => 'U','Ũ' => 'U','Ų' => 'U','Ŵ' => 'W','Ŷ' => 'Y', 
    'Ÿ' => 'Y','Ý' => 'Y','Ź' => 'Z','Ż' => 'Z','Ž' => 'Z','à' => 'a', 
    'á' => 'a','â' => 'a','ã' => 'a','ā' => 'a','ą' => 'a','ă' => 'a', 
    'å' => 'a','ç' => 'c','ć' => 'c','č' => 'c','ĉ' => 'c','ċ' => 'c', 
    'ď' => 'd','đ' => 'd','è' => 'e','é' => 'e','ê' => 'e','ë' => 'e', 
    'ē' => 'e','ę' => 'e','ě' => 'e','ĕ' => 'e','ė' => 'e','ƒ' => 'f', 
    'ĝ' => 'g','ğ' => 'g','ġ' => 'g','ģ' => 'g','ĥ' => 'h','ħ' => 'h', 
    'ì' => 'i','í' => 'i','î' => 'i','ï' => 'i','ī' => 'i','ĩ' => 'i', 
    'ĭ' => 'i','į' => 'i','ı' => 'i','ĵ' => 'j','ķ' => 'k','ĸ' => 'k', 
    'ł' => 'l','ľ' => 'l','ĺ' => 'l','ļ' => 'l','ŀ' => 'l','ñ' => 'n', 
    'ń' => 'n','ň' => 'n','ņ' => 'n','ʼn' => 'n','ŋ' => 'n','ò' => 'o', 
    'ó' => 'o','ô' => 'o','õ' => 'o','ø' => 'o','ō' => 'o','ő' => 'o', 
    'ŏ' => 'o','ŕ' => 'r','ř' => 'r','ŗ' => 'r','ś' => 's','š' => 's', 
    'ť' => 't','ù' => 'u','ú' => 'u','û' => 'u','ū' => 'u','ů' => 'u', 
    'ű' => 'u','ŭ' => 'u','ũ' => 'u','ų' => 'u','ŵ' => 'w','ÿ' => 'y', 
    'ý' => 'y','ŷ' => 'y','ż' => 'z','ź' => 'z','ž' => 'z','Α' => 'A', 
    'Ά' => 'A','Ἀ' => 'A','Ἁ' => 'A','Ἂ' => 'A','Ἃ' => 'A','Ἄ' => 'A', 
    'Ἅ' => 'A','Ἆ' => 'A','Ἇ' => 'A','ᾈ' => 'A','ᾉ' => 'A','ᾊ' => 'A', 
    'ᾋ' => 'A','ᾌ' => 'A','ᾍ' => 'A','ᾎ' => 'A','ᾏ' => 'A','Ᾰ' => 'A', 
    'Ᾱ' => 'A','Ὰ' => 'A','ᾼ' => 'A','Β' => 'B','Γ' => 'G','Δ' => 'D', 
    'Ε' => 'E','Έ' => 'E','Ἐ' => 'E','Ἑ' => 'E','Ἒ' => 'E','Ἓ' => 'E', 
    'Ἔ' => 'E','Ἕ' => 'E','Ὲ' => 'E','Ζ' => 'Z','Η' => 'I','Ή' => 'I', 
    'Ἠ' => 'I','Ἡ' => 'I','Ἢ' => 'I','Ἣ' => 'I','Ἤ' => 'I','Ἥ' => 'I', 
    'Ἦ' => 'I','Ἧ' => 'I','ᾘ' => 'I','ᾙ' => 'I','ᾚ' => 'I','ᾛ' => 'I', 
    'ᾜ' => 'I','ᾝ' => 'I','ᾞ' => 'I','ᾟ' => 'I','Ὴ' => 'I','ῌ' => 'I', 
    'Θ' => 'T','Ι' => 'I','Ί' => 'I','Ϊ' => 'I','Ἰ' => 'I','Ἱ' => 'I', 
    'Ἲ' => 'I','Ἳ' => 'I','Ἴ' => 'I','Ἵ' => 'I','Ἶ' => 'I','Ἷ' => 'I', 
    'Ῐ' => 'I','Ῑ' => 'I','Ὶ' => 'I','Κ' => 'K','Λ' => 'L','Μ' => 'M', 
    'Ν' => 'N','Ξ' => 'K','Ο' => 'O','Ό' => 'O','Ὀ' => 'O','Ὁ' => 'O', 
    'Ὂ' => 'O','Ὃ' => 'O','Ὄ' => 'O','Ὅ' => 'O','Ὸ' => 'O','Π' => 'P', 
    'Ρ' => 'R','Ῥ' => 'R','Σ' => 'S','Τ' => 'T','Υ' => 'Y','Ύ' => 'Y', 
    'Ϋ' => 'Y','Ὑ' => 'Y','Ὓ' => 'Y','Ὕ' => 'Y','Ὗ' => 'Y','Ῠ' => 'Y', 
    'Ῡ' => 'Y','Ὺ' => 'Y','Φ' => 'F','Χ' => 'X','Ψ' => 'P','Ω' => 'O', 
    'Ώ' => 'O','Ὠ' => 'O','Ὡ' => 'O','Ὢ' => 'O','Ὣ' => 'O','Ὤ' => 'O', 
    'Ὥ' => 'O','Ὦ' => 'O','Ὧ' => 'O','ᾨ' => 'O','ᾩ' => 'O','ᾪ' => 'O', 
    'ᾫ' => 'O','ᾬ' => 'O','ᾭ' => 'O','ᾮ' => 'O','ᾯ' => 'O','Ὼ' => 'O', 
    'ῼ' => 'O','α' => 'a','ά' => 'a','ἀ' => 'a','ἁ' => 'a','ἂ' => 'a', 
    'ἃ' => 'a','ἄ' => 'a','ἅ' => 'a','ἆ' => 'a','ἇ' => 'a','ᾀ' => 'a', 
    'ᾁ' => 'a','ᾂ' => 'a','ᾃ' => 'a','ᾄ' => 'a','ᾅ' => 'a','ᾆ' => 'a', 
    'ᾇ' => 'a','ὰ' => 'a','ᾰ' => 'a','ᾱ' => 'a','ᾲ' => 'a','ᾳ' => 'a', 
    'ᾴ' => 'a','ᾶ' => 'a','ᾷ' => 'a','β' => 'b','γ' => 'g','δ' => 'd', 
    'ε' => 'e','έ' => 'e','ἐ' => 'e','ἑ' => 'e','ἒ' => 'e','ἓ' => 'e', 
    'ἔ' => 'e','ἕ' => 'e','ὲ' => 'e','ζ' => 'z','η' => 'i','ή' => 'i', 
    'ἠ' => 'i','ἡ' => 'i','ἢ' => 'i','ἣ' => 'i','ἤ' => 'i','ἥ' => 'i', 
    'ἦ' => 'i','ἧ' => 'i','ᾐ' => 'i','ᾑ' => 'i','ᾒ' => 'i','ᾓ' => 'i', 
    'ᾔ' => 'i','ᾕ' => 'i','ᾖ' => 'i','ᾗ' => 'i','ὴ' => 'i','ῂ' => 'i', 
    'ῃ' => 'i','ῄ' => 'i','ῆ' => 'i','ῇ' => 'i','θ' => 't','ι' => 'i', 
    'ί' => 'i','ϊ' => 'i','ΐ' => 'i','ἰ' => 'i','ἱ' => 'i','ἲ' => 'i', 
    'ἳ' => 'i','ἴ' => 'i','ἵ' => 'i','ἶ' => 'i','ἷ' => 'i','ὶ' => 'i', 
    'ῐ' => 'i','ῑ' => 'i','ῒ' => 'i','ῖ' => 'i','ῗ' => 'i','κ' => 'k', 
    'λ' => 'l','μ' => 'm','ν' => 'n','ξ' => 'k','ο' => 'o','ό' => 'o', 
    'ὀ' => 'o','ὁ' => 'o','ὂ' => 'o','ὃ' => 'o','ὄ' => 'o','ὅ' => 'o', 
    'ὸ' => 'o','π' => 'p','ρ' => 'r','ῤ' => 'r','ῥ' => 'r','σ' => 's', 
    'ς' => 's','τ' => 't','υ' => 'y','ύ' => 'y','ϋ' => 'y','ΰ' => 'y', 
    'ὐ' => 'y','ὑ' => 'y','ὒ' => 'y','ὓ' => 'y','ὔ' => 'y','ὕ' => 'y', 
    'ὖ' => 'y','ὗ' => 'y','ὺ' => 'y','ῠ' => 'y','ῡ' => 'y','ῢ' => 'y', 
    'ῦ' => 'y','ῧ' => 'y','φ' => 'f','χ' => 'x','ψ' => 'p','ω' => 'o', 
    'ώ' => 'o','ὠ' => 'o','ὡ' => 'o','ὢ' => 'o','ὣ' => 'o','ὤ' => 'o', 
    'ὥ' => 'o','ὦ' => 'o','ὧ' => 'o','ᾠ' => 'o','ᾡ' => 'o','ᾢ' => 'o', 
    'ᾣ' => 'o','ᾤ' => 'o','ᾥ' => 'o','ᾦ' => 'o','ᾧ' => 'o','ὼ' => 'o', 
    'ῲ' => 'o','ῳ' => 'o','ῴ' => 'o','ῶ' => 'o','ῷ' => 'o','А' => 'A', 
    'Б' => 'B','В' => 'V','Г' => 'G','Д' => 'D','Е' => 'E','Ё' => 'E', 
    'Ж' => 'Z','З' => 'Z','И' => 'I','Й' => 'I','К' => 'K','Л' => 'L', 
    'М' => 'M','Н' => 'N','О' => 'O','П' => 'P','Р' => 'R','С' => 'S', 
    'Т' => 'T','У' => 'U','Ф' => 'F','Х' => 'K','Ц' => 'T','Ч' => 'C', 
    'Ш' => 'S','Щ' => 'S','Ы' => 'Y','Э' => 'E','Ю' => 'Y','Я' => 'Y', 
    'а' => 'A','б' => 'B','в' => 'V','г' => 'G','д' => 'D','е' => 'E', 
    'ё' => 'E','ж' => 'Z','з' => 'Z','и' => 'I','й' => 'I','к' => 'K', 
    'л' => 'L','м' => 'M','н' => 'N','о' => 'O','п' => 'P','р' => 'R', 
    'с' => 'S','т' => 'T','у' => 'U','ф' => 'F','х' => 'K','ц' => 'T', 
    'ч' => 'C','ш' => 'S','щ' => 'S','ы' => 'Y','э' => 'E','ю' => 'Y', 
    'я' => 'Y','ð' => 'd','Ð' => 'D','þ' => 't','Þ' => 'T','ა' => 'a', 
    'ბ' => 'b','გ' => 'g','დ' => 'd','ე' => 'e','ვ' => 'v','ზ' => 'z', 
    'თ' => 't','ი' => 'i','კ' => 'k','ლ' => 'l','მ' => 'm','ნ' => 'n', 
    'ო' => 'o','პ' => 'p','ჟ' => 'z','რ' => 'r','ს' => 's','ტ' => 't', 
    'უ' => 'u','ფ' => 'p','ქ' => 'k','ღ' => 'g','ყ' => 'q','შ' => 's', 
    'ჩ' => 'c','ც' => 't','ძ' => 'd','წ' => 't','ჭ' => 'c','ხ' => 'k', 
    'ჯ' => 'j','ჰ' => 'h' 
    ); 
    $str = str_replace(array_keys($transliteration), 
         array_values($transliteration), 
         $str); 
    return $str; 
} 
//- remove_accents()